Prevalence, Classification, and Management of Anestrus in Cattle and Buffaloes in India: An Updated Review

Anestrus, defined as the absence of overt estrus or heat signs, is a major reproductive disorder affecting cattle and buffaloes in India, significantly impacting fertility and productivity in the livestock sector. In India, where buffaloes constitute a large portion of the dairy industry, anestrus is particularly prevalent due to their inherent reproductive physiology and environmental stressors. The condition can be classified into true anestrus, caused by hormonal imbalances or poor nutrition, and silent estrus, where ovulation occurs without visible signs. Key contributing factors include nutritional deficiencies (especially energy, protein, and minerals), postpartum complications, seasonal variations, poor heat detection, and management practices. Diagnosis involves rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and hormonal profiling. Treatment strategies commonly include nutritional supplementation, hormonal therapies (e.g., GnRH, PGF2α protocols), and improved herd management. Addressing anestrus through integrated reproductive health programs, farmer education, and timely veterinary intervention is essential to enhance reproductive efficiency and milk production in Indian cattle and buffalo populations.